Sand dust is a source of particulate matter (PM) in Korea. Recently, an attention has been focused on the health effects of PM and fine PM. Here we examine the possible mechanisms of PM disposition and review the literature on the health effects of PM. PM can enter and accumulate in the respiratory tract via impaction, gravitational settling, diffusion, and electrostatic attractions. PM may cause oxidative stress, inflammation, direct penetration, and increased blood viscosity. This literature review revealed that PM exposure is associated with several health risks, such as mortality and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, PM exposure may be linked to lung cancer. Thus, a comprehensive approach is needed to manage PM and reduce its environmental exposure and related health effects. (Korean J Med 2016;91:106-113)