The study of lexical transparency provided a theoretical (psychological) basis for the question of which of the character-centered teaching and the word-centered teaching is more effective for teaching vocabulary to learners. The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of the vocabulary teaching for Korean learners of Chinese language and their learning of this language by identifying the effects of lexical transparency on the vocabulary acquisition by Korean learners of Chinese language through an experiment. According to the results, the mean and standard deviation of transparent, translucent and opaque vocabularies showed a certain difference depending on Korean learners' strategies for learning Chinese vocabulary and related teaching methods. The learners who in learning Chinese vocabulary, inferred its whole meaning by analyzing it centering on character which is morpheme had a higher correct-answer rate of the transparent vocabulary and the translucent vocabulary. Even though the learners do not consciously learn the transparent vocabulary, they can analogize and infer its meaning by utilizing Chinese characters already learned in natural reading processes, and acquire it naturally through this series of processes. Based on these results, this paper presented the criteria for selecting characters for the teaching and learning of character-centered vocabulary targeting Korean learners of Chinese language and discussed practical methods for applying vocabulary teaching and learning.