现代汉语的句末助词“了”和“来着”作为一种多功能词, 在实际语篇中兼有时体和(认识)情态的表达功能。本文以“了”和“来着”的多功能性特征作为研究的一个切入点, 试图解释它们在时体-情态表达功能之间的关联性, 并且指出认识情态功能是时体功能的主观性表达, 系统对比了一下两个助词在实际语篇中意义和用法上的共性与差异。首先, 从时体功能看, 句尾“了”表“完成体”的特征;“来着”的基本时体意义则是“近过去时”, 它的参照时间就在(过去)情境上面。其次, 从认识情态功能看, “了”小句表达对当前相关状态的“肯定”语气, 主观上要传递一种未知的新信息。从“了”的双相特征看, “了”小句之所以能传递新信息的功能, 是因为它预设了与之相反的已知(背景)信息。与“了”小句不同, “来着”句表示的都是过去已知的信息。“来着”的“肯定”语气体现在对过去发话或情况的“重提”或“引用”上面。
The purpose of this paper is to find out the similarities and the differences of sentence-final particles(SEP) ‘Le’ and ‘Laizhe’ in anterior usages. They have the similarities in that they are used as multifunctional forms in Chinese, indicating tense/aspect, and epistemic modal’s meaning. But on the other hand, they are opposite in their temporal meanings and the information structure in discourse. This paper analyzed the temporal-aspectual properties of ‘Le’ and ‘Laizhe’ and the predicate component in the clause. It is concluded that the general meaning of ‘Le’ is referring to the beginning of a new state(or change of state), showing the so-called inchoative features. ‘Laizhe’ is used as a tense marker indicating recent past, in epistemic domain it provides background information of explanation in context. ‘Le’ also conveys the subjective contents such as the judgement of knowledge, but it is about to be a new situation.