An Analysis of Response Utterances Found in Colloquial Discourse of Marriage Woman Immigrants. Bilingual Research 51, 1-25. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the response utterances that can measure the interactivity of conversation from the colloquial discourse of marriage woman immigrants and to provide basic data about the aspect of the use of Korean as a second language. The participants were 25 marriage woman immigrants with elementary level of Korean speaking ability who were from China, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Uzbekistan, and Peru. Through the spoken corpus of the participants` daily conversation, the response utterances which are adjacency pairs of questions were divided into the preferred response and the dispreferred response. And the aspects of use by function and by form were examined. The research results showed that the elementary level marriage woman immigrants used lots of simple responses intensively that provide only direct information in the response utterances. This means that they are not skilful in mutually cooperative conversation when speaking in Korean and have a hard time composing the response utterances in appropriate Korean. Accordingly, in order for them to communicate naturally in Korean, the development of concrete educational methods of the response utterances suitable to Korean circumstances and forms in Korean language training is required. (Keimyung University)

Korean-Chinese sentence expression comparison. Bilingual Research 51, 27-43. This paper, with a view to probe into Korean language education, is a comparative study on Chinese and Korean sentence expression based on excerpts from some textbooks. Through this paper, we have come to the following conclusions. First, in idioms that describe processes, Koreans employ mainly sufficient conditional sentences while Chinese employ mainly subjunctive conditional sentences. In the mean time, Koreans prefer affirmative sentences while Chinese prefer negative sentences. Second, in conversations that contain interrogatives, Chinese tend to use selective interrogatives while Koreans tend to use general questions. Third, in conversations that express demands, Chinese frequently use explicit expression such as imperatives and requests while Koreans use frequently implicit expressions like interrogative sentences. Forth, in expressions that showcase subjects of sentences, there are more limitations on subject omission in Chinese than in Korean. What`s more, in the expression of imperatives, Koreans uses more non-subject sentences. Fifth, in expressions that convey condition and behavior, Chinese prefer object clauseand tend to use behavioral description while Koreans prefer subject-predicate clause and tend to use conditional description. (Shanghai International Studies University)

A study on descriptions of contraction form ``-dani`` in KFL grammar. Bilingual Research 51, 45-80. The purpose of this study is toinvestigatecharacteristics of ``-dani`` in various linguistic levels such as pronunciation and intonation, morpheme and sentence, discourse and pragmaticsand to suggest not only its descriptive methods in Korean educational grammar for foreign learners but some references for descriptions of other ‘-dago ha-`` contraction forms. In the previous studies, ``-dani`` has not been investigated as its own, whereas has been partly mentioned as one of the ``-dago ha-`` contraction forms. As a result, its various information according to language levels has not been explored. ``-Dani`` shows most various meanings in ``-dago ha-`` contraction forms. If the description on ``-dani`` in various linguistic levels could be suggested, other ``-dago ha-`` contraction forms such as ``-dago``, ``-damyeonseo``, ``-danika`` are expected to get its description references from it. In various linguistic levels, this study especially would focus on discourse-pragmatics information of ``-dani`` since it is related to highly complicated factors of its communication situation such as a speaker, a listener, a situation itself, so is difficult to be described as a whole. Also, this study would introduce comparison as a main method since comparison between common things and differential things can be effective to foreigner learners than any other methods. (University of Seoul)

A Study on the Heritage Language Competence of Missionary Kids and their variables. Bilingual Research 51, 81-110. This study aimed at investigating heritage language competence of missionary kids (MK) and variables influencing competence. Data came from 93 students of two missionary schools in Philippines: One is Korean Academy (KA), and the other is International Academy(IA). To meet the goal, the study examined grammatical and pragmatic competence by grammatical judgment test (GJT) and acceptability judgment test(AJT). The study found out that there was no difference in pragmatic competence, but meaningful discrepancy was found in grammatical competence. In IA MK, daily hours of using Korean and learning period of Korean showed positive correlation with grammatical competence, however learning period of Korean and ARC showed positive correlation with grammatical competence in KA MK. IA MK showed correlation between motivation and pragmatic competence, however KA MK showed correlation between motivation and grammatical competence. Ethnic cultural identity only correlated with both grammatical and pragmatic competence in KA MK. This study proved that learner variables gave effect differently to linguistic competence following to which school they attend to. (Kyung Hee University)

Main factors of comprehension failure of a literary text by Korean as a Second Language Learners. Bilingual Research 51, 111-149. This paper aims at showing and analyzing the main factors that cause comprehension failure during the reading of a literary text by Korean as a Second Language Learners. In order to achieve this goal, thinking-out-aloud protocol has been choose as data gathering method. 17 high level Korean as a second foreign language learners verbalized aloud their thoughts while completing the reading task of 4 different literary texts, two poems and two extracts from novels. The data gathering process produced a total of 67 verbalized protocols that have been successively analyzed through a qualitative approach. The researchers coded independently each protocol and then compared the coding results, repeating this independent coding/comparison process until a common coding system was agreed. The coding system was then tested separately by both researchers. Result of the coding system are 6 categories where the main factors of comprehension failure of a literary text can be divided into. Drawing on previous research literature, each factor is analyzed and causes of failure comprehension are investigated. (Korea University, Sogang University)

Investigating the cases of violating linguistic human rights in Korea. Bilingual Research 51, 151-180. The purpose of this study is to examine the case of linguistic human rights violations to minority groups in Korea. First of all, this research defines the concept of ``linguistic human rights`` and explores its background. Then, three types of minority (foreign students, foreign workers and immigrant wives) were grouped. All the related newspaper articles, which appeared between 2003 and 2012, were collected over the Chosun Ilbo and Donga Ilbo Internet archives. Although this research cannot detect detailed cases against linguistic human rights, but affords an opportunity to consider the meaningfulness of linguistics human rights against the three minority groups. This article is concluded by proposing further research topics on linguistic diversity, ecological perspectives of language development. (Chung-Ang University)

On the Modification and Creation in Communication of Marrige-migrant Women Residing in Busan -Focusing on mixed use of language and nonverbal interaction- Bilingual Research 51, 181-216. This research investigates the verbal and nonverbal features of the Japanese marriage migrant women who reside in Busan in their cross-cultural communications. For that, four steps of analysis were conducted on the bases of questionnaire survey and video analysis. In the first step, it follows from the analysis of their utterances that there were - especially in the cases of two women - many mixed uses on the lexical level. And it was observed that there were mixed uses of languages under the influence of the native language (Japanese) and the changing of the passive into the active sentences. In the second step, the contents of utterances of the working women in the samples were compared with those of the full-time homemakers. From this comparison and analysis, it follows that in the case of the homemakers more mixed uses of languages on the lexical, grammatic and expressive level were found than in the case of the working women. Furthermore, there were explanations for some words in the utterances of three working women, which were not seen in the homemaker`s utterances. In the third step of the research, the homemaker`s nonverbal behaviors and interactions were analyzed. Here we could see that the homemakers did not end the one-sided communication alone, but often asked the hearers for help and cooperations. In the fourth and last step, it was analysed that the working women`s nonverbal behaviors and features of the interaction - compared with the homeworkers - had a tendence of the alone completion of the communication, not depending on the interaction with hearers. According to the Bhabha`s theory, the communication strategies by these Korean-use homemakers can be defined as doing the communication activities in the third space, the in-between or the hybride zone, and as doing the activities of the language-cultural creative interaction. (Korea Maritime University)

Analysis of Korean Language Education in Abroad: Groping for the Scheme for Development in Global Era. Bilingual Research 51, 217-246. This study is groping for the characteristics of Korean Language Education (KLE) in abroad and is searching for the way for the development of KLE. For the purpose of the thesis, the article analyzes the trend of KLE in abroad by period, region, and the topics. The study deals with the five countries` KLE of Asia, Europe, and America in 1980s, and that of Europe in 1990s. In 2000s, KLE of Asia is studied. By the topics, the article analyzes the general education, contents of education, and pedagogy. Through the analysis, the study finds that KLE is transformed to a practical feature from a scholarly or ethnic education. Adversely, though the KLE of Asia started from a practical view point, it is changing toward the study of Korea or Korean Language Education. In Conclusion, this study suggests that the professionals of the interior communicate with the abroad to promote the sustainable development of the KLE in the area of the teaching materials exploitation and the teacher training. (Catholic University of Daegu)

Korean interrogative ‘어디, 어느, 어떤’ And its Corresponding Expressions In Chinese. Bilingual Research 51, 247-267. This paper aims to study the meaning of Korean interrogative ‘어디, 어느, 어떤’ and its corresponding relations with the Chinese expression. Chapter 2, 3 and 4 examines the usage of ‘어디’, ‘어느’, ‘어떤’ respectively, and chapter 5 concludes the paper. The study finds that Korean wh-word and Chinese wh-word can not only be used in interrogative sentence but also be used in declarative sentence. This paper further suggests that there are a variety of correspondence between the Korean ‘어디, 어느, 어 떤’ with its Chinese expressions. ‘어디’ can be translated as ‘nar, nali, naneng, zenneng, nayou, shenme’. And Korean interrogative ‘어디’ can be used in declarative sentence with ‘어디+noun’, however Chinese interrogative ‘nar, nali’ can not be used with ‘nar/nali+noun’. ‘어느’ is generally translated as ‘na+quantifier+noun’, ‘shenmechengdu, duoshao, duo+adjactive’ .in interrogative sentences, but it has a correspondence with ‘yi+quantifier+noun’, ‘yidingchengdu’ in declarative sentences. And ‘어떤’ is generally translated as ‘na/shenme+yangde+noun’, and ‘shenme+noun’, ‘na+quantifier+noun’, ‘yi+quantifier+noun’. (Yonsei University)