In Elizabeth Costello, J. M. Coetzee does not reveal, as usual, his own position concerning the matter of whether or not there exist any epistemological locus to confirm humanitarian values. Starting with the deconstruction of linguistic autonomy, the writer problematizes the reliability of reason, sympathy and radical experientialism. He questions reality itself in general by featuring Elizabeth Costello who struggles to escape from the epistemological quandary. Without any hope of epistemological salvation, the reader is left helpless down to the very closing line of the story. Even if the writer deserves to be disoriented himself or to disorient his readers, the readers` actual life cannot afford to enjoy such a labyrinth. Because life should go its way in a spacio-temporal setting, an individual or a particular community needs to attain an epistemological tool efficient enough to indicate a direction in light of decision-making. ``Experience`` suggested by John Dewey might work up as an epistemological alternative to reasoning that has been privileged throughout the metaphysical history of the west. Surely, the reader deserves to be re-oriented toward his or her individual or communal value directed by ``social intelligence`` in the pragmatist perspective. (Chonnam National University)

The purpose of this paper is to formalize semantically vague expressions in order to assign truth value. First of all we have observed four types of vague expressions and we have reviewed many theories about truth value assignment to vague expressions such as prototype theory, fuzzy theory and supervaluation theory based on dynamic theory. We have also examined what problems there are in these theories. Finally the formalization of semantically vague expressions based on intensional and extensional set was presented here. In conclusion vague expressions have extensional interpretation which has relative truth and intensional interpretation which has absolute truth. (Mokwon University)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of native English teacher`s teaching in comparison with the team teaching, the Korean teacher`s teaching in the middle school in Jeollabukdo. The result shows that both academic achievement and affective domains of three classes are almost the same in contrast to so many previous researches. Basing on these findings, we suggest that the fixed work in one school not the touring work of, the more teaching hour allotment to, as well as the more training on native teachers should be needed in order to carry out the successful native English teacher`s teaching. (Wonkwang University)

Love narrative originates with humankind. Incest narrative exists behind, which perverse offense or transformed love assuming disfigured, though banal but fervent as much as love itself. This paper examines incest, particularly sibling incest, focusing on John Ford`s play ``Tis Pity She`s a Whore and comments on two other figures assumed sibling incest in Manfred and The Sound and the Fury. Incest has generally denoted sexual activity between persons prohibited due to specified kinship relations. Incest taboo has been an example of a universal aspect of human culture, but on which perspectives varied from cultures have been relative and arbitrary. Sibling incest, which is prevalent compared to other types of incest, has been regarded as both normal and acceptable by persons directly/voluntarily involved, even though it has been considered reverse in the norms and the values of the wider society of which they were a part. Ford sees sibling incest as some emotional state, signalling his interest in exploring the relativity of even apparently absolute moral standards. Giovanni is just Ford`s inspired explorer in a morally muddy ``normal`` world. Giovanni, who loves his own sister, constantly insists that proximity of blood is the best reason for his love. Annabella, whose language is full of repentant words, does not regret for the love itself like her brother. Byron`s protagonist Manfred and Faulkner`s Quentin assume similar attitudes. For all of them, incestuous love is an irresistibly absolute fate, and natural providence in a sense. Their love goes beyond conventional morals of society. The brothers and the sisters are too ``near`` not to love, but also too ``near`` to love successfully. Most commentators agree that sibling incest is not inevitably evil in itself, but evil by proscription, different from other types of incest. It can be said of a throw-in of the ascent-descendant incest. (Busan University)

My purpose in this essay is to examine the vision of life through the good characters in The Tempest. They play an important role in contributing to the theme. Their role is very important to The Tempest in that the vision of life is embodied in them. This play`s protagonist, Prospero, a rightful Duke of Milan, has been deprived of his throne by his jealous brother Antonio, aided by Alonso, the King of Naples. Prospero, a deposed duke, finally regains his lost dukedom from his brother through the events of the play. At the end of the play, Prospero pardons Antonio and his party as well as his own brother`s betrayal. The play ends in a good atmosphere of forgiveness and reconciliation. Even though humanity has been destroyed, Shakespeare emphasizes the vision of life through Prospero, the young generation and Gonzalo, an honest old councillor. Even if The Tempest was written during the Elizabethan age, its characters are still valid in modern times. (Daeshin University)

What this paper attempts to do is to interpret an archetype of response as it applies to the reading of Othello. From Jung`s archetypal view points, it can be said that Venice and Cyprus are the archetypal territories that depict the conscious and unconscious level in the psyche, and then the attack of the Turks to Cyprus symbolizes the regression of libido to bring out the process of individuation. While Othello represents the ego of completing individual duties toward the self-realization, Desdemona can be seen as the anima archetype that integrates heterogeneous but relative psychological elements, and Iago as the shadow archetype that interfere with self-realization. The marriage between Othello and Desdemona symbolizes the union of the feminine side and masculine side of the psyche. In conclusion, Othello fails in the individuation process resulting from his mother complex, which is symbolized by his obsession with the mother`s handkerchief. He is trapped in his psychic shadow and fails to merge his anima into his soul. (Paichai University)

The purposes of this study are to analyse the distribution of hedges in English research article`s abstracts and to interpret the pragmatic function of hedges in the abstracts. In order to achieve these purposes, the abstracts of TESOL Quarterly, ELT Journal, English Teaching, and Foreign Language Education are analysed in interpreting the expressions and the meanings of hedges. The results showed that linguistic devices of hedges in English abstracts were described as realizing communicative strategies such as indetermination, depersonalization, formal objectivization, and subjectivization of an utterance. It was also shown that downtoners, modality, personal/impersonal constructions, and passives at lexical and syntactic levels were described in English abstracts as a strategy which renders researchers` messages more vague and thus reduces the force of what they are saying. Furthermore, it was testified that non-native researchers used less hedge expressions than native researchers in English abstracts, which may lack the interpersonal flavor that the use of hedges conveys. This result corresponded with Arndt & Janney(1991)`s proposal that a speaker in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) situation can have difficulty in using hedges appropriately in interpersonally salient position.(Korea National College of Rehabilitation and Welfare)

August Wilson explored the heritage and experience of African Americans in his plays. He tried to explain terms of the life which are common to all cultures. He showed the conflict between black and white in American society. African American`s conflict was an internal separation that must be exorcised to clear the way for spiritual reconciliation and integration. To overcome the cause of this conflict, Wilson had all characters to fight against Sutter`s Ghost in the conclusion part in this play. Most characters accomplished their roles faithfully to fight for removing Sutter`s Ghost. Avery, Berniece and Boy Wille tried to expel a ghost in the name of God, ancestor, and integration respectively. As we see in the last scene of this play, Wilson showed the inheritance of African traditional cultures and religious elements all together. These were the lessons of piano, family`s union, and black and white`s union. With these elements, Wilson was to convey hopeful messages which could alter the perfect harmony from the discord faced on black people. According to these aspects, this play can be said a song for reconciliation and integration of black people and white people. (Wonkwang·Jeonbuk University)

Recently Korean universities are exerting utmost efforts to satisfy the needs of society and the expectations of their students to keep up with the changing needs of the times. In the case of private universities located in the regions other than capital cities, educating students properly for the needs of domestic and global job market is challenging. One of the pressing needs is to educate students competitive enough to survive after graduation. To meet the challenge, many locally based universities make various efforts to increase the students` English competency. One of the efforts is to give each student differentiated language education according to each student`s level of competency. The purpose of this article is to analyze the propriety of questions used to decide which level of class a student has to be educated in. This paper shows making suitable questions is only possible by investigating item difficulty and item discrimination of questions based on item response theory. This study used the question items of J University located not in Seoul and its surrounding area. To make Group Level English Education effective it is required to develop more refined question items to decide each student`s proper level. (Jeonju University)

In this paper I tried to point out the Christian spirit which operates as Hamlet`s agent. Hamlet meets the dead father`s ghost which reflects the Christian background of the Elizabethan era. The ghost`s command plays a certain role to form Hamlet`s way of life. Even though the Bible says "Leave the vengeance to God"(Romans 12:19), Hamlet does not follow the Christian spirit, instead he decides to avenge his father and kill Claudius. Hamlet`s Christian tragic flaw is to seek his revenge on Claudius with hatred. Hamlet thinks that revenge is his noble duty for the family and the country. Instead of following the Christian spirit, Hamlet dashes to revenge with rashness and one-sidedness in madness. Hamlet`s bitter and keen attack on Gertrude`s sin is a good example of bringing sinner to Christian repentance. Contrary to the previous actions, Hamlet shows the changed attitude toward Ophelia and Laertes with whom he reconciled in act 5. Hamlet shows the changed attitude in his acceptance of the duel with Laertes, which indicates that he is willing to follow the Christian spirit. Killing Claudius, Hamlet finishes his revenge and restores the country. Hamlet`s thought about divinity and providence strongly suggests that he is accepting Christian spirit. (Hannan University)