Lawrence figures a competition between love and indifference in Kangaroo. Whereas love reminds the reader of brotherhood, humanism, Christianity or the sun, indifference is associated with individualism, non- anthropocentrism, dark gods or the moon. The protagonist, Somers keeps himself indifferent to Australian politics featuring the Digger Movement, which disappoints Kangaroo, Jack, and Willie, those who advocate brotherly love and want to make political progress in their nation. Somers rejects all of the artificially constructed thoughts and emotion that root in a life-denying idealism, and wishes to recover a more primordial self. That Somers wants to eradicate all of humanistic culture-based ‘false desire’ recalls the Buddhist theme of tanha(false desire) and annica(impermanence). However, Lawrence wrongly equates Buddhism with transcendental idealism because he misunderstands that the concept of false desire includes even physiological desire. Although Lawrence misunderstands Buddhism, his ultimate world-view itself goes beyond the Buddhist discourse of negation and evolves into great affirmation, the negation of negation. This non-dualistic fulfillment of self is often depicted through the scenes of sex in the author`s later novels. Likewise, the great happiness is fulfilled through the holistic unification of love and indifference. (Chonnam National University)

This paper aims at analysing the worldly desires of Lucy Gayheart which achievements for modern arts represent through Clement Sebastian`s. Also it is based on dealing with the process of the redemption through Harry`s memory of Lucy`s young images before she enters modern arts, being vibrant with desires for modernity`s experiences. But she results in not learning the lesson that the daily life itself is the important thing, as arts cannot supplant the daily happy life. Here Harry undergoes a lifelong atonement for his callousness to the dead Lucy, becoming a man of more depth and dignity through his experience of World War I relief service. Harry`s memory on Lucy`s lively life is not an act of nostalgia, but a life of reinhabiting endurance. His memory can be glimpsed as the acceptance of both the Victorian era and the modern world. Harry`s redemption is emblematic of Willa Cather`s accommodation of Victorian era rather than Harry`s personal suffering of guilt for his own misdeeds, producing its growing responsibilities of the twentieth-century. Cather`s aesthetic imagination focuses on the accommodation of modernity as well as acceptance of the spiritual values of Victorian era. Cather`s consciousness is not only with the present changes in modern arts, but with her own literary past upon which she draws. Accordingly this complex aesthetics is to be the basic foundation to define Cather as a kind of antimodern modernist. (Daejin University)

The purpose of this paper is to propose a prescriptive principle for free variation problems in using loanwords, not a descriptive one. In the framework of Optimality Theory, the way to deal with free variation is to devise restrictions to phonological aspects and to assign the optimal ranking for these restrictions in order to induce the optimal candidate. However, this approach could be criticized for the lack of consistency, that is, a single principle. Therefore, assuming the theory of Silverman (1992), liquid alternation and selective insertion of vowel sound ‘i’ can be described when they are loaned to Korean from English, which is based on Gradual Learning Algorithm (GLA) proposed by Boersma & Hayes` Probabilistic Optimality Theory (2001). (Gimcheon University · Konyang University)

This paper examines the connotations of Tess`s silence through Zizek`s theory of voice. Zizek defines “exemplary case of the voice” as “the voice which remains silent, i.e. which we do not hear.” For Munch`s Scream, Zizek argues, we cannot hear the boy`s scream because it “gets stuck in [his] throat.” In the same way, Tess`s voice is hardly heard, for it remains “stuck in [her] throat.” Her silence is the result not of repression, but of the refusal to enter the symbolic stage in which the language prevails. She remains in a “leftover which is “real,” and cannot be assimilated by the function of the signifier. Tess`s scream can be heard through our sight of the red blood at the scene of her murder. The sound of her scream is perceived, not through her voice but by the reader`s gaze. While Tess`s silence reveals the rejection of entering the symbolic stage, her enjoyment, experienced through Angel`s harp playing, shows the mode of her feminine jouissance. Tess allows herself to be carried by filling herself with the enjoyment. (Hanbat National University)

The goal of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of misspelling patterns of Korean EFL adult learners. We collected spelling errors made by 119 university students in Korea from two types of tests we conducted, i.e. whole-word dictation and word-formation writing. The data were analyzed mainly in the two aspects: (1) errors in spelling correspondence in a word and (2) errors in consonant and vowel spellings. The results are as follow. First, in spelling correspondence, Korean university students made mistakes in the order of omission > substitution > insertion > metathesis, regardless of the test types. This result is consistent with many previous studies, but different from the pattern of misspelling made by Korean elementary and high school students. Especially, omissions were found in consonants more often than in vowels, and substitution was the most common misspelling pattern for vowels. Secondly, vowels were more misspelled in whole-word writing than consonants. By contrast, the reverse pattern was strong in word-formation writing. The overall rates for correct spellings are 46.86% in whole-word writing and 76.04% in word-formation writing. These results imply that many Korean university students are not confident in English spellings. (Inha University & Soongsil University)

Plato contributed to Shelley`s thought and his philosophy satisfied both Shelley`s intellectual and spiritual needs. As a result, Plato`s influence is seen throughout his major poems. The Sensitive Plant written earlier in 1820 is one of these poems which are strongly influenced by Plato`s Idea theory. The poem takes the form of fable and is the story of a perfect Lady`s life and death told from the viewpoint of one of the plants in her garden. Nature in the first two parts of The Sensitive Plant is overtly represented as a paradisiacal springtime order that becomes the figurative counterpart of heavenly perfection. However, suddenly before the first leaf looked brown, the Lady in the garden died and all of these lovely and perfectly good plants die. Consequently, the garden looks desolate without any hope for vitality and life. However, the conclusion of this poem suggests that all these last events might not be true at all. Perhaps, in the realm of decay and mutability, human beings have changed not the Lady and the sensitive plant. It is not in Nature but in ourselves and in our own obscure organs of perception that the alteration inheres. Therefore, Shelley suggests that because the five senses and human reason are limited and fallible, the truth and reality are beyond human apprehension or understanding. The modest creed expressed at the end of The sensitive plant is shelley`s declaration that he is unwilling to accept as final the verdict of limited human senses and fallible human reason. (Hannam University)

This essay discusses Graham Greene`s prosaics and religious, political criticism in Monsignor Quixote based on M. M. Bakhtin`s carnival theory. At first, Greene characterizes his heroes, Monsignor Quixote and ex-mayor Zancas as a comic fool and a rogue respectively by using the novelistic frame of Miguel de Cervantes`s Don Quixote in a parodic way. In this novel, Greene composes almost all the religious and political discussions as comic happenings Quixote makes with Zancas, while traveling to one after another of the Spanish historic sites. In such discussions, Zancas continues to ridicule Father Quixote, which paradoxically highlights the priest`s humble image and ends up making him a comic fool. More important is that this humility of Quixote`s makes Zancas criticize Catholicism freely, and leads to degrade or decrown not only his own authority as a Catholic priest but also the Catholic system itself to which he belongs. This degradation lets readers recognize that orthodox Catholic values are so authoritative, and rethink such values at the level of their own lived life. Consequently, multiple problems of the Catholic dogmatism and doctrinairism that have made human`s free and felt life impossible are exposed in that process. (Chosun University)

Each novel in Stephenie Meyer`s Twilight Saga has gained international best seller status in recent years. Romantic love is without a doubt the central theme in her vampire novels. Bella Swan and Edward Cullen have felt an overwhelming attraction from the moment they met and develop their love overcoming obstacles. However, whereas Bella is considered by some critics as a heroine, she is not a really good role model. Bella is frequently portrayed as stereo-typically famine. Throughout the series, she is constantly described as a weak and not an intelligent girl. She, actually, is a victim who is too often exploited and fetishized. It is primarily stalking behaviors that Edward shows Bella he is attracted to her. However, she doesn`t feel frightening or threatened, but flattered by his attention. Though he is considered as a “vegetarian” vampire who don`t drink human blood, Edward still desires both Bella`s blood and her body. He cannot control his vampire-powers during sex no matter how he tries. After they having sex for the first time, Bella is left with “large, purplish bruises” covering her arms, shoulders, and ribs. The problem is that such physical abuse, sexual abuse and stalking are portrayed as acceptable within the context of loving relationship. In addition to legitimizing violence against Bella, the Twilight series reinforce famine stereotype and promote the glorification of white privilege. Therefore, this makes the series disturbing and problematic. (Paichai University)

The protagonist Father Latour in Death Comes for the Archbishop mainly performs religious services as a God`s vicar to strengthen the Roman Catholic Church in the New World, American Southwest. In the process of the mission, however, he experiences he loses his composure and is exhausted due to horrifying Western landscapes, several corrupt priests and harsh missionary work and so on. In spite of the poor situation he continually tries to maintain his equilibrium. But he is in the dilemma he has to guide native people with his own distinctive ways. While he undergoes a series of trials and errors in the land, his ego is getting stronger than before. This comes down to Jung`s Individuation and he inevitably experiences the archetypes including persona, shadow, anima and Self only to achieve his true religious beliefs and get a personal sense of fulfillment. He then slowly can overcome the shadows Mexican priests and feel warm hearts with Native Indians, Mexicans, and a couple of his anima figures. Latour in the end bravely breaks his early narrow-minded religious beliefs, strong persona, and extreme shadows and meets his real Self. And he finally builds the Midi Romanesque Cathedral in Santa Fe not only as a symbol of combining pagan and Christian images, but as a symbol of rebirth. As a result of this process he exhibits a refined elegance toward all creatures, passing away in the peaceful shadow of his symbolic Cathedral. (Daejin University)

Ethel Carnie wrote poetry only for a few years in her twenties, publishing three books of poems. Although she has never received the critical attention that her poetry merits, her work is important most notably in that it significantly revises the Victorian tradition of women`s poetry, which often reflects the framework of traditional roles of women in the contemporary society in terms of its focus on love, marriage, and the raising of children. Based on her double identity as a woman and a worker, Carnie radically revises this tradition by attempting to give voices back to those women who were forced to be silent in the contemporary society and extending her gesture to working-class people as a whole, thereby establishing a strong critique of that society. (Hannam University)