This study will investigate the types of using the English definite article of Korean EFL learners in their retelling the story of the animation, The Great Toy Robbery. After watching the animation film, they showed their natural response to it while retelling the story in English. The data were collected from three groups: a Native-like Korean Canadian group who includes some participants born in Canada or living for more than mean 16.6 years, a Non-native beginner group without any experience in the English speaking countries, and a Non-native intermediate level group under the same conditions as the Non-native beginner group. The findings through this study revealed that all the groups showed the similar overuse of the definite article. In addition, the Non-native groups showed the phenomena that they significantly omitted the definite article, comparing to those of the Native-like group. With these results, this paper proves that the reasons for their overuse are caused by L1 transfer and their avoidance of choice. This means that their L1 interference triggers the omission of articles and in particular, they reluctantly use the articles before nouns. Based on these results, this study will discuss in more detail how they make use of the English definite article in the course of retelling a story. (Dankook University)

This paper aims to study a group of representative Old English Anglo-Saxon poems classified as elegies. These poems (“The Wanderer,” “The Seafarer,” “The Ruin,” “The Wife’s Lament,” “The Husband’s Message,” “Deor” and “Wulf and Eadwacer” in the Exeter Book) share common thematic characteristics such as a pessimistic view of transitoriness, mutability of human efforts, exile, isolation from the loved ones, the ubi sunt motif and stoic endurance to hardship. However, Anglo-Saxon poetry is not only pessimistic and tragic, but also demonstrates substantial Christian influences such as the vision of Christian kingdom, eternal joy in God and spiritual growth in heavenly blessing. Such a weaving of opposite philosophical veins (Christianity and Teutonic paganism) offers the modern reader a rich and wide literary spectrum and cultural context in the understanding of the Anglo-Saxon elegiac poetry. For close analysis, this paper has carefully examined diverse aspects of the poems such as thematic unity, imagery, poetic structure, psychological depth, moral and religious vision, elegiac beauty and poetic realism. (University of Ulsan)

Due to the globalization of the world and their desire to achieve high English proficiency, many Korean students go to the United States to study English as a Second Language (ESL) in an intensive English language program. Korean ESL students have a strong desire to make American friends and improve their English speaking skills with them. Despite their desire to have American friends, however, they lack intercultural friendships with Americans. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that play a role in inhibiting Korean ESL students’ intercultural friendships with Americans. The participants were six Korean students studying ESL in the United States. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with each participant. From the inductive analysis of the data, this study found three types of factors inhibiting intercultural friendships between Korean ESL students and Americans: 1) institution factors (the lack of proximity and time), 2) Korean factors (Koreans’ ulterior motive and identity as a neglected nonnative speaker), and 3) American factors (Americans’ ethnocentrism and inconsiderate attitude towards foreigners). Drawing on the findings, this study suggests some implications for the institution, Korean ESL students, and Americans that can contribute to facilitating the development of intercultural friendships between Korean ESL students and Americans. (Pai Chai University)

This paper attempts to seek a unified analysis which accounts for two types of intervention effect: WH- and NPI-intervention effects. The intervention effect originally refers to the prohibition of an intervener from preceding the wh-phrase. S. Kim (2002b) observes that Korean NPI- intervention effect is influenced by the form of the negation. She suggests a focus-based unified analysis: wh-phrases and NPIs are foci dependent on the licensor and an intervening focus blocks licensing. This paper proposes a scope-based unified analysis. Noting that the expressions involved in the intervention effect are all scope-bearing items, the analysis attributes the intervention effect to the violation of Scope Transparency, according to which the scope relation at LF and the preceding relation at PF should correspond. Since wh-phrases and NPIs need to be licensed, their scope position is fixed at LF. An SBI should be placed at PF for its precedence relation to correspond to scope relation at LF.(Kyungnam University)

In the handed down belief of Thoreau erudition so far, the influence of Cousin on Thoreau has been limited and ignored. When they search for the embedded part of Thoreau’s Transcendentalism, most scholars have tried to relate it exclusively with Emerson’s Nature. In fact, the extension of the influence of Victor Cousin upon establishing Thoreau’s own transcendentalism is, in my view, much greater than that of Emerson. For this reason, Cousin should be one of the principal intermediates for Thoreau’s early familarity with Transcendental idealism. During his college days, Thoreau, by reading Cousin’s Introduction to the History of Philosophy, became exposed to an important passage of the Bhagavad-Gita, to Confucianism, both of which played as a significant role in organizing the system of his transcendental philosophy. Cousin’s book should therefore be pondered as one of the major authorities for anticipated erudition on Thoreau’s Transcendentalism and Orientalism. In order to offer more solid configuration to this deduction, firstly, this study will pursue Victor Cousin’s and Emerson’s roles played in bringing about the Transcendental life of Thoreau’s college days. Then, the study will focus on examining to what extent that Cousin’s Eclecticism and Emerson’s Transcendentalism have exerted influences on forming Thoreau’s own Transcendentalism. (Dankook University)

An American sci-fi series, Star Trek would have ended with its Original Series nearly in the middle of the whole history. However, despite the concern over weariness from the long-lasting Star Trek effect, Star Trek Ⅶ: Generations, the first movie of the Next Generation received great reviews from the critics and audiences, leading to producing five more films up to now. The reason for the success is mostly on its consistent ideas, not to mention the development of motion-picture arts. This article aims at introducing the crucial themes of the six works of the Original Series one by one and discussing the common philosophy that the captains of the two series, Kirk and Picard, share in this film with the help of Schopenhauer’s will-oriented metaphysics. Through this analysis, the original themes, such as the sympathy with machines, the double-sidedness of logicality and illogicality, non-teleology, and pacifism are developed soundly to the next cinematic generation as the warning against the excessive will of life and narcissism, and the emphasis of self-sacrifice for humans. (Chosun University)

This longitudinal case study investigates how a Korean ESL student in the U.S. constructs his writer identity by using metadiscourse markers. For this purpose, I collected 38 written documents composed by the participant for 2 academic years: 18 documents in humanities and 20 documents in science. The data were analyzed based on a metadiscourse model by Hyland and Tse (2004) and Ivanic (1998)’s analysis of writer identity in the texts. Two follow-up interviews were conducted to identify if the textual analysis of metadiscourse corresponded to the writer’s intention in specific contexts. The findings reveal that the participant used more interactive resources than interactional resources. In addition, the most frequent metadiscourse markers were transitions and hedges. The qualitative analysis of texts along with the interviews reveals that the participant was quite conscious of the readers and academic writing convention while engaging in writing. This study sheds light on the importance of teaching how to use metadiscourse for academic writing.

This essay is focused on the significance of Peter Pan’s kiss in Peter Pan and Wendy. It is Wendy herself who sews Peter Pan’s shadow to his body through which she creates her Imaginary fantasy. Her sewing signifies the creative force in the Imaginary transformation of encountering the Real. Peter Pan and his kiss, closely related with woman’s position of “not whole,” lead woman to her feminine jouissance. Our life becomes like an illusive mirage on the Symbolic where we are castrated without satisfaction. However, Peter Pan’s kiss implies an unforgettable trace of encountering the Real, which is an active working force behind woman’s unknowable and incomprehensible subjectivity beyond the Symbolic Phallus. Peter Pan and his kiss evoke something absolutely precious such as the feminine jouissance, whose mystic significance eventually may help us being liberated from our castration. This is the enigmatic significance of the kiss in Peter Pan and Wendy. (Hannam University)

This paper looks at Annie Proulx’s Close Range: Wyoming Stories, collection of short stories in the context of determinism. Almost of Proulx’s characters are failures caused by their environment, their fixed mind, and overarching social order. Traditional naturalism novel usually relates man’s destiny with instinct, heredity, and natural environment but the fatal destiny of Proulx’s characters is caused by artificial order of the closed system rather than natural environment. This paper considers three kinds of determinants inflicted onto the residents in Wyoming. Firstly, it discusses geographical determinism, particularly the frantic weather and dangerous landscapes that affect the denizens. Secondly, it considers the idea of fixed mind or blind belief that traps the characters. Thirdly, it considers the barriers that keeps society from improving towards a free and open place. Social order centered on the dominant classes in the closed system does fatal harm to the minorities and the different. This paper also alludes to Proulx’s message for hope for the future. (Hannam University)

This study aimed at investigating the student teachers’ perceptions about practicum experiences and challenges. 67 student teachers at the English education department from two different universities participated in the present study. Data were collected during the academic year of 2015. A quantitative questionnaire consisted of 37 items was administered. The findings of the study revealed that the participants have benefited from the practicum practices in the development of teaching skills, the interaction and communication with students. However, the participants highlighted certain challenges they encountered during their practicum experience. In particular, the participants felt less capable in teaching across proficiency levels and classroom management. Also, the participants felt some gap between what they have studied at university and how it can be transformed into effective classroom teaching and learning. Implications and future recommendations were discussed. (Kyungnam University)