The purpose of this study is to investigate the male protagonists` gazes in John Fowles` The Collector and The French Lieutenant`s Woman. These two novels share the same theme of an immature male protagonists` exploration for freedom. While Clagg, the male protagonist in his first novel, The Collector, shows no growth or improvement, Charles in The French Lieutenant`s Woman, achieves his emancipation in the Victorian society. Fowles captured the issue of gaze between these two male protagonists in sharp contrast and he connected it to the theme of freedom. In spite of Miranda`s efforts, Clagg learns nothing from her and fails to discontinue his voyeuristic gaze. Charles, on the other hand, ruminates himself from the gaze of Sarah and stares at himself in the mirror. Finally he realizes he is an observed other and becomes a free man. Fowles believed that Clagg`s voyeurism reflects the inside of modern people. He connected the gaze of a modern man, Clagg, and Victorian gentleman, Charles, to the issues of imprisonment and freedom, trying to awaken modern people to the values implied in gazes. (Gangneung-Wonju National University)

This study aims to investigate the metacognitive awareness and use of listening strategies employed by Korean EFL learners. They were explored depending on gender and listening proficiency levels. The participants were a total of 226 university students who enrolled in a university in Korea, consisting of 132 males and 94 females. The results showed that students were not good at using metacognitive listening strategies. However, they were aware of the importance of attention while listening to English and there were significant differences in the use of a few strategies in terms of gender and listening proficiency levels. Based on the results, some pedagogical implications for English-medium instruction and content-based/skill-based English instruction were suggested. (Chosun University, Geumgang University)

This essay explores into women`s sexuality which is often observed to closely coincide with their personal and spiritual growth. Alice Walker`s Color Purple is here taken for an excellent example that evinces the general observation. In her struggle for subjectivity, Celie`s discovery of herself as a sexual subject, initiated by her husband`s lover Shug, plays an immensely important role in leading her to spiritual maturity. What is presumed to be the psychic isomorphicity between sexual and spiritual ecstasy is expressed in Walker`s frequent use of theological language for erotic sensation, and of sexual language for religious exultation. Since women`s sexuality, subjectivity, and spirituality all converge on a theme of love, Walker`s emphasis on love in her essays is also discussed to prove a parallel progression among the three key words―sexuality, subjectivity, and spirituality. (Chungnam National University)

This paper is a study of the temperaments and traditions of Irish people in J. M. Synge`s The Playboy of the Western World. When the play was first performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1907, a riot against performing the play broke out among the audience of the theatre. However, the leaders of the Abbey Theatre persisted in their original intention and continued to perform the play as planned. The opposite attitudes of the two parties to the play are based commonly on the idea that the play dramatizes the temperaments and traditions of Irish people. The audience expressed their anger at the play when the characters of Irish peasants in the play appeared on the stage vividly and realistically, but the leaders of the Abbey Theatre thought that such characters were real Irish characters embodying the temperaments and traditions of Irish people. In the play, we can find such temperaments as the impulse to protect criminals, the temperaments to exaggerate and to response eagerly to strange and unusual things as well as such traditions as story telling and Irish humor. Therefore, the conviction of the leaders of the Abbey Theatre was right and the real images of Irish people could be expressed on the stage successfully. (Kongju National University)

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a significant difference in the use of vocabulary learning strategies by middle school English learners according to students` vocabulary knowledge levels, and whether learners used different vocabulary learning strategies according to different types of vocabulary test. For this study, a questionnaire of vocabulary learning strategies was administered to 111 EFL learners in middle school in “D” city. As results of this study, followings were found. First, there was a significant difference in the use of vocabulary learning strategies according to students` levels. That is, advanced-level learners used more and various strategies in almost all categorized strategies than intermediate and lower level students. And it was found that the meaningdetermination strategies most frequently used while the social strategies was least used. Second, significant differences were not found in the use of vocabulary learning strategies according to different types of vocabulary tests regardless of students vocabulary proficiency levels. Also significant correlation between students` use of vocabulary learning strategies and types of vocabulary tests mostly was not found regardless of students` levels. If any, it was found that correlation coefficients were relatively weak. (Chungnam National University)

This article aims to use M. M Bakhtin`s language theory to examine how the verbal and generic heteroglossia hybridized in Charles Dickens` Hard Times emphasize the author`s socially satirical intentions. In this novel, Dickens criticizes the problems of Jeremy Bentham`s utilitarianism, which Dickens thought disturbed one`s pleasurable and creative life. The worst cases are the workers in Josiah Bounderby`s factory in Coketown, a fictive place, and utilitarian superintendent Thomas Gradgrind`s students and children, who all experience the serious exhaustion of sensibility. Dickens approaches Gradgrind`s utilitarianism and Bounderby`s industrialism satirically from the viewpoint that both social ideologies are closely connected. He continues to arouse readers` interest by parodizing it to them. Such heteroglossia contain common views and professional jargons, idiolects, dialects, and many popular genres including fairy tales. Dickens enables his readers to easily understand what he is saying through the heteroglossia. As a result, this effective reaccentuation of the author`s intention through verbal and generic hybridization makes this novel a great ideological novel anyone can enjoy reading. (Chosun University)

D. H. Lawrence has been much accused of holding a masculinist viewpoint, despite his advocacy for a sexual revolution. This paper invites a reconsideration of some of the conventional approaches to “Mother and Daughter,” where a devouring mother is necessarily defeated by a father figure who intervenes in the close mother-child relationship. Rather than denigrating women and women`s power, promoting an exaggerated manhood, or glorifying violence inflicted on women, Lawrence in “Mother and Daughter” grasps women within the complicated and often ambivalent dynamics by both acknowledging and disrupting female power. Lawrence admits that feminine nature is not fulfilled through the renunciation of `masculine` or intellectual pursuits, as Rachel, the mother, discloses, while revealing his anxiety about a detestable form of the female will and tyrannical motherhood. Whereas Lawrence subverts the traditional binary paradigm of witch/angel through the mother Rachel and the daughter Virginia, he is troubled by women`s usurpation of the marketplace, evident in Virginia`s professional career and Rachel`s financial ability. Yet, while describing a failure of mother-daughter symbiosis and the resultant dissolution of women`s community and their solidarity, with criticizing women who remain untamed and dismissive of men, this sardonic tale adopts an ironic note of hopelessness and anger towards male characters, Henry and Adrian, for their being the weaker sex. Furthermore, even Arnault, a father-figure, is satirized, revealing his inadequacy in reestablishing a patriarchal system, for his vanity and greed is too much engrossed in predatory capitalism. Instead of delineating his patriarchal or matriarchal ideal, Lawrence depicts more powerfully, and, with realistic sensibilities, the world of women. Although both mother and daughter seem to be beaten by Arnault, their specific acts of submission are paradoxically inlaid with female rage and rebellion, which hints at Lawrence`s affirmation of women`s challenges to a sexist culture. (Chungnam National University)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recognition and understanding degree on tense and aspect of middle school students and their parents through survey. There are two tenses in English but many students and parents understand English tenses three: past, present and future. There are two aspects, syntactic aspect and semantic aspect, in English. Almost all students and parents don`t know aspect correctly. Aspect is very important in understanding of English sentences. Tense is different from aspect but many students and parents think tense and aspect are equal grammatical terms. So, students have to learn and understand tense as well as aspect clearly. Nowadays, English education focused on communication centered education. Therefore, many teachers ignore English grammar and don`t teach students it. As a matter of fact, English grammar is the foundation of English reading and writing. Also, it is the basics of English speaking and listening. English grammar learning is a very important activity in English education. Many students and their parents have to understand and use English grammar through tense and aspect correctly. (Jeju National University)

Samuel Beckett, the best playwright of the twentieth century, tried to break existing theatre. He embodied his authorial self-consciousness in metatheatrical forms and developed and deepened these metatheatrical characteristics through dramatic devices and language from his early plays. This study aims to demonstrate the metatheatrical tactics in Happy Days through tracing how Beckett reflects the interrelationship among actors, audience and author, also analyzing the text carefully in regards to the intertextuality and a play-within-a-play. In Happy Days, Beckett reflects the play itself, intersects with other literary works and mirrors his play through a play-within-a-play. Further, the main character, Winnie, maintains her desperate life using these tactics. Therefore, this study will highlight that Beckett`s metatheatrical tactics are not simply a form of his drama but the indispensable survival factors for the character. (Chonbuk National University)

This paper examines and compares Apostle Paul`s concept of `ho nyn kairos,` Benjamin`s concept of `jetztzeit, and Agamben`s philosophical archaeology. Paul`s kairos is the time of crisis where the past and the present enter into the a constellation in the form of typological relation and recapitulation. What matters to Agamben is the tension that clasps together and transforms past and present. He interprets this contraction of past and present at the decisive moment to be the main feature of Benjamin`s `jetztzeit,` where the past is charged with now-time. For Benjamin, only the redeemed mankind is granted the fullness of its past through historical apocatastasis. In his mystical conception of history, the secular dynamics of history corresponds to the Messianic order in this paradoxical tension. Through philosophical archaeology, Agamben attempts to inquire into a sort of historical a priori, which is inscribed within a history and that can only constitute itself a posteriori with respect to this history. We see the paradoxical aspect of an `a priori` condition, in which the past can be experienced only in and through its inherent forgetting, to be one of the main features of Paul`s recapitulation and Benjamin`s historical apocatastasis. (Hannam University)