This article intends to research and understand the application used 14 poems of 「Pu Sa Man(菩薩蠻)」 among Wen-Ting-Yun-Ci(溫庭筠詞). For this one, we have examined the writer, Wen-Ting-Yun(溫庭筠) and the nameplate of 「Pu Sa Man」 first, classified the words of the senses showing the touch as well as sight and hearing and the things words expressing matters, scenery or natural objects related and used for the protagonist and then considered how to use and express these words on the works. Besides, we have studied the intention and the works which the writer wanted to describe by these poetic words. The reasons we have chosen Wen-Ting-Yun are the following. First, he was the original professional poet creating Ci(詞) and the preliminary writer leaving collected poems for the first time in the history of Chinese literature. The second, he created the most poems in the late Tang dynasty and contributed towards settling down Ci as one of the literary styles. The third, he invented the melodies in person because he had exceptional musical talent. The last, he invented Hua-Jian-Ci-Feng and the representative poet of 『Hua-Jian-Ji(花間集)』. There were 66 articles of his works in the beginning of 『Hua-Jian-Ji』, which was the most works in it. 「Pu-Sa-Man」 occupied 14 articles among those and commands a large majority comparing with other nameplates. We have noted that 「Pu-Sa-Man」 was prevalent among the common people first and then this became the well beloved nameplate by so many writers as well as Wen-Ting-Yun in Tang and Song dynasty after XuanZong(宣宗) in Tang dynasty was very fond of singing it, and purposed to study the rhetorical values focusing on poetic words frequently used in 14 articles of his 「Pu-Sa-Man」. Consequently, we have understood that there was almost no direct expression in Wen-Ting-Yun-Ci, the nearly majority used the various poetic words and it showed the metaphorical and connotative meaning rather than the immediate emotional expression.

Cao Ye, a poet of the Late Tang, was a native of Guilim桂林(Guangxi Province). It's estimated that he was born in around 815 and died in around 875. Cao Ye passed the jin-shi examination in 850. Before his passing the examination, he engaged upon his restless troubles, seeking the social connections necessary to gain a public recognition and high rank; after his passing, he held various provincial and capital posts. His own personal situation and the confusing backdrop of the Late Tang had made a great influence on his writing poems. This thesis aims to analyze the themes of his poetry. Cao Ye's 110 extant poems, nearly all of which consist of Gu-shi(ancient style poetry) and Yue-fu style with five-word lines, can be divided into six groups. The first group denounced the corruption and incompetence of the ruling class. The second revealed the sufferings of the common people due to a war. The third portrayed the sorrow and resentment of the women and girls of a household. The fifth expressed the pursuit of retirement, which was born for being disappointed with politics. The sixth expressed his friendship with his friends, most of them have failed in the jin-shi exam. His many poetry have a close relation to showing the social inconsistency or reflecting the pain of the common people. That is why he was called a realist in the Late-Tang. Most importantly, he played a bridging role in upholding the realism traditions between the Bai Ju-yi in the Middle Tang and Pi Ri-xiu in the Late Tang! In this regard, it is considered that Cao Ye's poetry had its important place in the history of Tang poetry.

In this article, it was my intention to extend the understanding the meaning of the rapid expansion of the Confucius Institution from not just remaining the realm of divergent political perspective interpreting chinese rise as a threat to the dominating western civilization to the cultural network of global recourses in accordance with Manuel Castells’s theory, The establishment of overseas Confucian Institute in fact emulated the cultural institutions of the world, it should be viewed to provide more access to build cultural network under the situation of a certain degree of cultural consumption was available. In order to evaluate how much scale the Confucian Institute succeed to enlarge Chinese soft power in accordance with its purpose of establishment, I took the New York Times and analysed the news articles about Confucian Institute in U, S and Canada which confirmed that the U, S media indeed operated to be perceived as an aide to Chinese political and economical goals. In case of Chinese Media, the reporting attitude of The People’s Daily was not significantly different from that of U, S, Media. Though Confucian Institute was indeed to expand soft power, its image seemed to remain in political side. Therefore in order to achieve the goals of spreading the soft images as well as numerical increment, it is needed to localize the activities of Confucian Institute and got local media attention to them in north-american region along with developing various access to motivate voluntary involvement of private sector in China.

China is experimenting diverse ways to achieve the representation of the people in various senses. For example, the Chinese government takes advantage of its own executives-selection and- employment system which regards an executive as a representative of people. China has operated various executives -election and -employment systems to meet ‘the expectation and hope’ of people. Therefore, China has reserved to introduce an overall and perfect election-system. Rather China is trying to find democracy in chinese tradition. In this context, ‘the consensus-recommendation system’ for electing executives in the chinese government reminds us the limitedness of voting-model democracy which amplifies the importance of procedural legitimacy. In accordance with this, the paper has cast a different perspective on the procedural democracy which we accept as universal with more focus on the chinese own executives-election and -employment system, because it is possible to find a certain type of chinese democracy, especially in its employee-referral and consensus-recommendation system. Moreover, this paper points out that the democracy can be guaranteed not only by the electoral procedure, but also the consensus-recommendation process. In short, this paper considers the chinese executives-selection and -election system on the concentration on the democratic perspective and evaluates the new experimental trials of the present chinese Xi Jinping's government on a traditional context.

辛亥革命前后, 爲了在當時混亂的中國社會中, 找到新的希望, 中國的知識分子忠實地執行了他們的角色。但是, 新中國建立以后至文革期間, 知識分子的社會地位急速下降, 政治方面、經濟方面的地位也是如此。當然, 這和當時的一些歷史事件和政策是有着緊密的聯系的。這就是以毛澤東爲中心的中共方面對于知識分子的政策(1950年代進行的‘思想改造運動’, ‘雙百方針’, ‘反右派鬪爭’), 以及整個文革時期發生的對知識分子的迫害。 但是, 卽使這些事件和政策都已經成爲歷史, 他們也不可能享受到諸如以前的種種豊厚的待遇。爲此, 他們需要更多的時間, 因爲文革對于社會各個領域的影響是很大的, 可以說至今還恢復過程中。特別, 是由于文革引起了很大的混亂, 所以大家都把文革視爲‘十年動亂’, 但是, 也可以說文革時期對知識分子的迫害就是文革的最大特点。 那么, 文革當時知識分子的地位是怎么樣的呢? 在當時的整個中國, 人民參加與開展的群衆運動中群衆和知識分子對文革的認識分別如何? 另外文革時期在中國社會中知識分子發揮着什么作用? 從這樣的疑問出發, 本硏究要抽出文革時期知識分子的作用和界限。 雖然本文僅爲初步硏究, 可以說帶着關于文革時期知識分子的地位的分析的意味。同時, 筆者認爲, 通過本硏究, 可以觀察到對于由絶對權力而導致的知識分子的存在形態是怎樣轉化的, 通過本文的硏究, 不但可以理解導致文革發生的其他原因, 而且可以把握文革時期知識分子的眞面目。

Since the clan rules formed the core of family in the traditional Chinese society, the role of women in each field defined by marriage between man and woman could only be restrictive. Especially, they had quite passive attitude toward sex and could not express it freely. The male-female relationship originating from marriage may have a great meaning for it provided a very important basis in the context of the change in women's sexual attitude in ancient traditional Chinese society. The role of woman defined among family members in the traditional society was not very important and the position was very low compared with that of man. It is a well-known fact that the authority and role of woman could not equal those of man under the restriction of the clan rule-based society. The role of married women in the social life also was not considered important, and it was only that the woman should not break away from a certain boundary defined by the principle of 'congren (attached person).' Breaking away from this boundary was considered as breaking the rules and subjected to social criticism. In other words, the married women had to stay within the boundaries of ‘neishi (internal affairs)’ and ‘sancongzhiyi (three principles women have to follow).’ However, the change in the family system and political society of ancient China also brought changes in the marriage and sexual attitude of women within the family. The male-female relationship was also considerably influenced accordingly. The fact that marriage and love life of women are the common theme in many literary historical materials of China clearly proves this. For the temperament originating from the male-female relationship is playing a large part within the boundary of important social environmental order as a part of relatively universal life that cannot be neglected or eliminated in human social life whether in the ancient times or the modern times, it shows how important the role and action of women are even in the closed and patriarchal male-oriented traditional Chinese society and also shows an aspect of the sexual attitude of women at the time as a vivid fact as it is to modern women within social, historical, and cultural phenomena of traditional China.

The objective of this article is to examine when the Yu Jing Shan Bu Xu Jing, an important Daoism text, has been published. The method we used is to compare the content of Yu Jing Shan Bu Xu Jing with practical rituals. And we found some incoordinate phenomenons in between. We assumed that the Yu Jing Shan Bu Xu Jing was not compiled by only one person at the same time, the same place. It was not the original text in the Six dynasties. This research provides a review on nowadays Daoism text discussion and indicates possible ways to many different aspects of new studies.

At the end of the 20th century, deindustrialization that was on-going in various countries was focused. Deindustrialization is defined as the phenomenon of service economy being expanded while employment ratio and added value of manufacturers reduce. This research made approaches by classifying deindustrialization as deindustrialization of production and deindustrialization of employment. Based on this, this research analyzed how deindustrialization of employment influences labor market and compared the influence with other countries. The main result showed that occupational dispersion of the labor market was being diversified while temporary employment ratio increased in labor. Next, the input of young labor from outside was being accelerated. Furthermore, women's labor take a large part in lower service areas. Lastly, upper class occupations and lower class occupations were clearly classified.